The new punches include a and d in the lower case, U in the upper case, and ligatures in both cases for ch, 11, ñ, and rr. Correas's Enkiridion de Epikteto (also Tabernier, 1630), uses the same type.

Copy in the British Library, 8406.ee.31. It is a small book (, a total of thirty-three sheets), and since it is printed in great primer, would have required very little type.

E. Larruga y Boneta, Memorias políticas y económicas, Madrid, 1787-1800, 45 vols.; see iii. 308-12, also Miguel de Burgos's Observaciones sobre el arte de la imprenta, ed. A. Rodríguez-Moñino, Valencia, 1947, pp. 63-4. Larruga was the archivist for the Real Junta de Comercio, Moneda y Minas from 1779, so doubtless had access to the relevant documents.

The first firms to use the capitals were Francisco Sanz (Calderón, Primera parte de comedias, 1685), Antonio Román (Goyeneche, Executoria de la nobleza... del valle de Baztan, 1685) and Bernardo de Villadiego (Castro, Allegationes canonicae, also 1685). Lucas Antonio de Bedmar had them in 1686 and Julián de Paredes in 1689.

The earliest occurrence I know of is in Juan de Cabriada's Carta filosófica, printed by Bedmar in 1686 (colophon 1687). The three capital Rs in the Loredano (two-line pica, and great primer cap. and small cap.), which are all alike, share distinctive features with the R of the Van den Keere copy, which is relatively unlike the original.

As Carter points out (A view of early typography, pp. 16-17), the skills required for cutting punches existed long before Gutenberg. They continued to exist, independent of the type industry, in fine metalwork.

The adaptation used by L. A. de Bedmar of Madrid in 1673-4 had a recut g with flattened counters and a recut y, but p, q, and j were merely cast high on the body; ascenders were original. An anonymous Madrid printer used the old english roman at the same time, with recut or foreign ascenders and descenders. About 1682 Francisco Sanz and the widow of J. Fernández de Buendía, both of Madrid, began using different adaptations of Garamont's english: Sanz's had recut descenders, the widow's some recut or foreign ascenders and descenders.

By «first and second St. Augustines», I mean those so described by A. F. Johnson in The Library, IV, 21, 1940-1, 292-3. In Manuel de Náxera, En azañas de David, Madrid, Imprenta Real, 1660, the first appears on a body of 84 mm./20 lines, and overlaps of ascenders and descenders can be seen. The roman face is Granjon's gros cicero, for which 84 mm. is a normal body.

While many Madrid printers used the pica two-dot j (usually with Granjon gros cicéro, occasionally with pica italic), I know of only one, J. Fernández de Buendía, who had the larger version: he seems to have had it about 1671-3. Juan Francisco de Blas of Seville had the same Haultin face with the same odd j in 1672, but on a slightly different body.

J. Simón Díaz, Impresos del siglo XVII, Madrid, 1972, nos. 92, 415, 469, 493, 610, 687, 711, 953, 982, 1031, 1064 (probably), 1071, 1083, 1105 (repeated at 3397), 1246, 1541, 2054, 2061, 3392, 3441; E. Cotarelo y Mori, Diccionario de calígrafos españoles, Madrid, 1913-16, ii. 119-20 (no. 802), quotes another.