31
For discussions about the racism and discrimination towards Mexican Americans in Phoenix prior to and during World War II, see: Kotlanger, Michael J., «Phoenix, Arizona: 1920-1940», (Ph. D. diss., Arizona State University, Tempe, 1983); Peterson, Herbert B., «A Twentieth Century Journey to Cibola: Tragedy of the Bracero in Maricopa County, Arizona, 1917-1921», M. A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1975; Christine Marin, «Patriotism Abroad and Repression at Home: Mexican Americans in World War II», unpublished manuscript (CHSM-135), Chicano Research Collection. Department of Archives and Manuscripts. University Libraries. Arizona State University, 1971; James E. Officer, «Arizona's Hispanic Perspective», 38th Arizona Town Hall, May 17-20, 1981 (Phoenix: Arizona Academy, 1981); Bradford Luckingham, «Urban Development in Arizona: the Rise of Phoenix», Journal of Arizona History (Summer, 1981): 197-234; Shirley J. Roberts, «Minority Group Poverty in Phoenix», Journal of Arizona History, (Winter, 1973): 347-362; Reynolds, Jean A., «We Made Our Life As Best We Could With What We Had: Mexican American Women in Phoenix, 1930-1949», M. A. thesis, Arizona State University, 1998.
32
Ray M. Martinez. Personal interview with Jean Reynolds, Tempe, Arizona, November 16, 1999. Tempe: Arizona Historical Society. My thanks to Jean Reynolds for allowing me access to her audio taped interview. American Legion Thunderbird Post 41 was chartered in October of 1945, and Martinez was elected Commander, a position held until 1948.
33
Ray Martinez interview in: Arizona History, a Chicano Perspective, 1750-1950. Part Three: The Reform, 1940-1950. Produced and directed by Gustavo Chavez and Christine Marin. 2 hrs. (Tucson: Chicano Media Productions, 1985). Videocassette (hereafter cited as Arizona History).
34
These men were knowledgeable about the Mexican culture and had established ties with the Mexican and Mexican American community in Tempe through their marriages to Mexican and Mexican American women. The Curry twins, Michael and Edward, Jr. operated the Tempe Hardware Store on south Mill in downtown Tempe. Their father, Michael Edward, Sr., established the family business in 1889, served on the Tempe City Council and was a trustee on the Tempe Elementary School District #3 board. See «Curry's Longtime Residents, Businessmen in Community», Tempe Daily News, Centennial Edition, 13 April 1971; Solliday, 71-72; 157-158; Dwight «Red» Harkins first wife was Alice Peralta Harkins, a descendent of the M. Peralta family who came to Tempe in the early twentieth century. The author met Alice Harkins, a staff member in the Acquisitions Department at the Hayden Library, in the mid-1970s and learned about her family history in Tempe.
35
Ray M. Martinez. Personal interview with Jean Reynolds, Tempe, Arizona, November 16, 1999. Tempe. Arizona Historical Society.
36
Barbara Crumpler, President, Beta Phi Chapter, Arizona State College, Tempe, to Tempe Beach Committee, 13 May 1946 (CHSM-570). Chicano Research Collection. Department of Archives and Manuscripts. University Libraries. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
37
Ray M. Martinez. Personal interview with Jean Reynolds, Tempe, Arizona, November 16, 1999. Tempe. Arizona Historical Society.
38
Solliday, 118.
39
«Policy Changed at Tempe Pool», Arizona Republic, 22 May 1946.
40
«Hispanic American Legion Post Fights Against the Powers That Be», Arizona Republic, 31 March 1980.