Mario Garcia explains that the term, «Mexican American generation», was used by sociologist Rodolfo Álvarez in 1973 to refer to a «biological generation than to a political generation». See Garcia's note n.º 1 in his Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology, and Identity, 1930-1960 (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1989) 308. For some studies which discuss the Mexican American generation, see Richard A. Garcia, «The Mexican American Mind: A Product of the 1930s», in Mario T. Garcia and Francisco Lomelí, eds., History, Culture and Society: Chicano Studies in the 1980s (Ypsilanti, Michigan: Bilingual Press, 1983) 67-93; Richard A. Garcia, «Class Consciousness, and Ideology; the Mexican Community of San Antonio, Texas: 1930-1940», Aztlan (Fall, 1978) 23-70; Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr., «The Struggle Against Separate and Unequal Schools: Middle Class Mexican Americans, and the Desegregation Campaign in Texas, 1929-1957», History of Education Quarterly (Fall, 1983): 343-359; David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1987); Rodolfo Acuna, Community Under Siege: A Chronicle of Chicanos East of the Los Angeles River, 1945-1975 (Los Angeles: Chicano Studies Research Center, 1984).

Benjamin Marquez, LULAC: the Evolution of a Mexican American Political Organization (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1993) 1. Historian Cynthia Orozco says that LULAC expanded its activities from Texas to Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and California by 1940. She argues that historians such as Mario T. Garcia, Benjamin Marquez, Richard A. Garcia, and David Gutierrez have incorrectly assumed that LULAC was strictly a Texas organization and have failed to consider regional differences in the formation of other LULAC councils in the Southwest. See her essays, «Regionalism, Politics, and Gender in Southwest History: the League of United Latin American Citizens Expansion into New Mexico from Texas, 1929-1945», Western Historical Quarterly 29, n.º 4 (1998): 459; 461; and «League of United Latin American Citizens», in New Handbook of Texas, vol. 4 (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1996), 129-131.

Maria A. Garcia, wife of Albert Garcia, the state's Assistant Attorney General, was a tireless advocate for the Mexican and Mexican American community, and a part-time journalist. Her articles about socio-economic and political issues within the community in South Phoenix appeared regularly in the Spanish-language newspaper, El Mensajero.

Bradford Luckingham, Minorities in Phoenix: a Profile of Mexican American, Chinese American, and African American Communities, 1860-1992 (Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1994) 40.

Smith later regretted the role of the Friendly House in the Phoenix repatriation movement, noting its ambivalence and disdain for Mexicans: wh en the United States needed them during labor shortages, they welcomed them back; when they were no longer needed, the United States expelled them. See Titcomb, Mary Ruth, «Americanization and Mexicans in the Southwest: A History of Phoenix s Friendly House, 1920-1938», M. A. thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1984, 42-43; historians Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodriguez maintain that the repatriation movement intended to create jobs for «real Americans.» See Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodriguez, Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1995) 99.

Historian Cynthia Orozco maintains that women have played key roles within the formation and membership of LULAC since its inception. For example, women attended its first constitutional convention in 1929 and participated in LULAC auxiliaries as early as 1932. The first «Ladies LULAC» council, or chapter, was formed in 1933. Between 1937 and 1940, Alice Dickerson Montemayor held national positions in LULAC and advocated for women's rights within a male-dominated organization. See Cynthia E. Orozco, «Alice Dickerson Montemayor: Feminism and Mexican American Politics in the 1930s», in Elizabeth Jameson and Susan Armitage, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class, and Culture in the Women's West, (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1997) 435-456.

Kathleen A. Conard, «League of United Latin American Citizens». Unpublished manuscript, 1974, 17; 21. Copy in author's possession (hereafter cited as Conard).

Titcomb, 51; 54.

Irma Wilson Collection. «Los Conquistadores Records, 1937-1972» (USM-234; USM-428); and «Los Conquistadores Scrapbooks, 1917-1954» (Accession #93-1073). University Archives. Department of Archives and Manuscripts. University Libraries. Arizona State University. Tempe, Arizona.

The same is true for the El Paso LULAC council, whose meetings occurred at the Rose Gregory Houchen Settlement House, a Methodist community center founded in 1912. The Houchen Settlement provided citizenship classes and English instruction to the Mexican community in south El Paso. It also offered a Boy Scout program, prenatal exams, and pediatric services for women. For more information about its Americanization programs, see Vicki L. Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (NY: Oxford University Press, 1998) 33-36.