11
For a fuller treatment see: A. P. Whitaker, The Western Hemisphere Idea (Cornell University Press, 1954) and Stephen Clissold, Latin America. A cultural outline (London, 1965), ch. 3. The case of Brazil is perhaps different.
12
This, however, did not prevent him from adopting a very different attitude in «Salutación al Águila» (1906).
13
The Renan of La reforme intellectuelle et morale de la France, the Bourget of the preface to Le Disciple and the Bérenger of L'aristocratie intellectuelle.
14
The U.S.A. was abused by Latin Americans sporadically throughout the nineteenth century; Emir Rodríguez Monegal (Rodó, Obras completas, p. 193) has argued that Ariel can be seen as a less bitter and partial continuation of the ideas developed by Paul Groussac in a speech he made in Buenos Aires on 2 May 1898, when he equated the U.S.A. directly with Caliban. Monegal, however, fails to support his thesis with a conclusive piece of evidence from Rodó's papers, a commentary by Rodó which reads: «EEUU para Groussac. Su rasgo saliente y característico es la ausencia de todo ideal. Quiere sustituir la razón con la fuerza, la calidad con la cantidad, el sentimiento de lo bello y lo bueno con el lujo plebeyo (hay que caricaturar esto). Cree que le Democracia consiste en la igualdad de todos por la común vulgaridad. Frágil y deleznable organización sociológica sin hondas [raíces] en lo pasado ni principios directores en el presente»
(Archivo Rodó, armario 2,3A7,20524).
15
Rodó seems almost to have had a change of heart when writing this fifth part of Ariel. From his papers it is evident that he discarded a large amount of the material he had collected, and had even cast into sentences, which was complimentary to the U.S.A.; for example, Gladstone's article «Kin beyond the sea». He certainly had second thoughts about Whitman because next to the phrase (incorporated into Ariel) about «Excelsior», originally he wrote: «¡Tiene en Walt Whitman el acento de los evangelistas!...Inmensa expansión de amor»
(Archivo Rodó, armario 2, 8A 7, 20508).
16
In a letter to La Nación (Buenos Aires), 10 October 1900, collected in Valera's Obras completas (Madrid, 1958), in, 580; Valera's reaction differed palpably from that of other Spaniards to whom Rodó sent Ariel: Rafael Altamira, Leopoldo Alas and Miguel de Unamuno.
17
«Menéndez Pelayo y nuestros poetas» (1896), Obras completas, p. 810.
18
See, for example, «La España niña» (1911), ibid. pp. 721-2, and «El nuevo Ariel» (1914), ibid. pp. 1136-7.
19
Obras completas, p. 500.
20
El Uruguay y su gente (Montevideo, 1965), p. 20; González Areosa's phrase appeared in no. 37 of Ariel. Revista del centro de estudiantes Ariel, Montevideo.